Which organ systems are affected by toxic exposures. Whenever research to find a cure for new illnesses is being done, the objective is always to increase target organ toxicity while reducing non target organ toxicity as much as possible. Carcinogen, target organ effect, toxic by inhalation. Dec 07, 2016 target organ toxicity target organ toxins are chemicals that can cause adverse effects or disease states manifested in specific organs of the body. Target organ is the primary or most sensitive organ affected after exposure. A major goal of our laboratory has been the development of primary culture systems that retain differentiated fucntions and responses characteristic of intact tissues in vivo.
Specific target organ systemic toxicity stot single. Target organ metabolism, toxicity, and mechanisms of. These specific sites are known as the target organs or target tissues. Specific target organ toxicity society for chemical hazard. Organ specific toxic effects pertain to specific organs and organ systems. Specific target organsystemic toxicity following a repeated exposure is classified elsewhere in. Pdf an in vitro approach to the study of target organ. The specific target organorgan system that has been primarily affected by the classified substance shall be identified, where possible, and where this is not possible, the substance shall be identified as a general toxicant. All significant health effects, not otherwise specifically included in the ghs, that can impair function, both reversible and irreversible, immediate andor delayed are included in the nonlethal target organ systemic.
Specific target organ toxicity single exposure march 2017 note. Toxicology is the study of poisons, or, more comprehensively, the identification and quantification of adverse outcomes associated with exposures to physical agents, chemical substances and other conditions. Causes damage to organs state organs, state route of exposure 2 warning h371. Targetorgan toxicity hepatotoxicity fatty liver steatosis cholestasis liver fibrosis paracetamol azidothymidine troglitazone carbon tetrachloride thioacetamide aflatoxin b 1 cylindrospermopsin microcystinlr nephrotoxicity aminoglycosides chloroform trichloroethylene. Target organ toxicity target organ toxins are chemicals that can cause adverse effects or disease states manifested in specific organs of the body. Toxicity can be measured by its effects on the target organism, organ, tissue or cell. The principal target organ for prolactin in the female is the mammary gland. Since tnt causes erythrolysis, the primary blood conditioning organs might be affected e. Target organ effects indicate which bodily organs are most likely to be affected by exposure to a substance. On target adverse effects in the intended tissue could be causedbya supratherapeuticdoseof the drug or by chronic activation or. Target organ toxicity it is reasonable to expect newly.
The same target organ in different species is frequent aflatoxin b1, chlorophorm, ochratoxin a, mercury. Benzene is a specific organ toxin in that it is primarily toxic to the bloodforming tissues. The specific target organ organ system that has been primarily affected by the classified substance shall be identified, where possible, and where this is not possible, the substance shall be identified as a general toxicant. An in vitro approach to the study of target organ toxicity of. Benzene is a specific organ toxicant in that it is primarily toxic to the bloodforming tissues.
Introduction 63 case 64 mechanisms of drug toxicity 64 ontarget effects 65 offtarget effects 65 production of toxic metabolites 67 harmful immune responses 68 idiosyncratic toxicity 68 contexts of drug toxicity 69 drug overdose 69. One important part of this task is the identification of the organ first or most affected by a toxic agent. Target organ toxicology food toxicology instructor. Toxicokinetic processes determine concentrations in. Toxic substances may be systemic toxins or organ toxins. This twovolume set provides essential information on the general principles of target organ toxicity. Specific target organ toxicity stot category distinguishes between single and repeated exposure for target organ effects. Ghs includes criteria for the classification of health, physical and environmental hazards, as well as specifying what information. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext.
Specific target organ toxicity repeated exposure category 1, h372 aspiration hazard category 1, h304 chronic aquatic toxicity category 3, h412 for the full text of the hstatements mentioned in this section, see section 16. Target organ toxicity, volume i crc press book this twovolume set provides essential information on the general principles of target organ toxicity. Figure 1421 shows a postulated mechanism of action for prolactin to describe its biological actions in stimulating the synthesis of milk constituents. The same target organ in different species is frequent. Pictograms and their corresponding chemical hazards name hazard name hazard exploding bomb explosive corrosive corrosive skin, eye corrosive to metals flame flammable solids, liquids, gas skull acute toxicity flame over circle oxidizer solids, liquids, gas exclamation mark irritant skin sensitizer acute toxicity target organ toxicitystot. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous time for their favorite books taking into consideration this target. Acute toxicity severe carcinogen respiratory sensitizer reproductive toxicity target organ toxiciti mutagenicity aspiration toxiciti ure 4. The direct vasoconstric tor effect of lead may be related to the putative hypertensive re sponse this effect can be complemented by the ability of lead to activate the reninangiotensinaldosterone system.
Toxins do not affect all organs in the body to the same extent due to their different cell structures. Specific target organ toxicity single exposure stotse means specific non lethal effects on organs or organ systems in the body following single exposure to a. Globally harmonized system of classification and labelling. Blood and cardiovascularcardiac toxicity results from xenobiotics acting directly on cells in circulating blood, bone marrow, and the heart. A pumpless, reconfigurable, multiorganonachip system containing recirculating serumfree medium can be used to predict preclinical ontarget efficacy, metabolic conversion, and measurement of offtarget toxicity of drugs using functional biological microelectromechanical systems. Different hazards affect various and differing organ systems nelson et al. In these animals, liver, as opposed to lung, toxicity is observed. Globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of. Attempts should be made to determine the primary target organ of toxicity and classify for that purpose, e. Repeated exposure stotre endpoint specific target organ. May cause damage to organs state organs, state route of exposure 3 warning h335. Sources, occurrence, occupational, environmental, and coexposures trichloroethylene tce and tetrachloroethylene perchloroethylene. Each pictogram consists of a symbol on a white background framed within a red border and represents a distinct hazards. An interesting change in target organ toxicity occurs when ipomeanol is administered to animals pretreated with 3methylcholanthrene.
Worksheet for specific target organ toxicity repeated exposure stotre endpoint specific target organ toxicity stot re 30 points possible data supports. Toxic effects that pertain to specific organs and organ systems include. Organs differ in cell structures and chemicalbiochemical features e. As defined in casarett and doulle toxicology, the basic science of poisons, most chemicals that produce systemic toxicity do not cause a similar degree of toxicity in all organs but usually produce the major toxicity to one or two organs. For mixtures, the label should include the chemical identities of all ingredients that contribute to acute toxicity, skin corrosion or serious eye damage, germ cell mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, skin or respiratory sensitization, or specific target organ toxicity stot, when these hazards appear on the label.
The function of the nervous system is to communicate with different parts of the body and also coordinate both voluntary and involuntary actions. This chapter deals with target organ toxicity such as liver, kidney, heart, lungs, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, reproductive, and endocrine system. Examples of blood and cardiovascularcardiac toxicity are. Jun 05, 2015 explain how organ systems may be affected by toxic exposures. The examples given are presented to illustrate the range and diversity. Specific target organ toxicity single exposure march 2017. Liver and kidney accidental or deliberate overdose with the analgesic paracetamol can cause lifethreatening liver damage. Drug disintended to modulate the function of a specific receptor intended receptorinaparticular tissue intended tissue. Because individuals typically have different levels of response to the same dose of a toxic substance, a populationlevel measure of toxicity is often used which relates the probabilities of an outcome for a. Explain the basis for specificity of organ toxicity. Target organ toxicity 2 toxicants do not affect all organs to the same extent. Within the target organ, it is important to identify the important event or events that signals intoxication, or damage, in order to ascertain that the organ has been affected beyond the.
Appendix a of the hazard communication standard provides a target organ categorization of effects chemicals which have been found to cause such effects. All significant health effects that can impair function, both reversible and irreversible, immediate andor delayed are included. All organ systems can be targets of toxic exposures. The vulnerability of the liver and kidney to xenobiotic toxicity raises the question as to why such chemicals often display organ selectivity when inducing toxicity. The nervous system as a target organ summary a target organ is an organ or organs of the body which adversely responds to systemic exposure of a chemical. Specific target organ systemic toxicity stot single exposure category 2 specific target organ systemic toxicity stot repeated exposure category 2 acute toxicity inhalation vapour category 3 acute toxicity inhalation dust mist category 4 acute toxicity oral category 4 ghs label elements. The same chemical entering the body by different routes of exposure dose, dose rate, sex and species may affect different target organs. Category 1 specific target organ toxicity single exposure. These are referred to as target organs of toxicity for that chemical. A toxicant may have several sites of action and target organs. Target organ toxicity lab safety grand valley state.
Definitions of target organ and hazards of chemicals under. Oct 22, 20 the vulnerability of the liver and kidney to xenobiotic toxicity raises the question as to why such chemicals often display organ selectivity when inducing toxicity. Pictograms and their corresponding chemical hazards name hazard name hazard exploding bomb explosive corrosive corrosive skin, eye corrosive to metals flame flammable solids, liquids, gas skull acute toxicity flame over circle oxidizer solids, liquids, gas exclamation mark irritant skin sensitizer acute toxicity target organ toxicity stot. Ghs, the globally harmonized system of classification and labeling of chemicals, was developed by the united nations as a way to bring into agreement the chemical regulations and standards of different countries. Oxidizers acute toxicity severe carcinogen respiratory.
Target organ toxins are chemicals that can cause adverse effects or disease states manifested in specific organs of the body. Multiorgan system for the evaluation of efficacy and off. Target organ toxicity, 2 toxicants do not affect all organs to the same extent. Get an answer for what is target and nontarget organ toxicity. Interaction between chemicals, or between chemicals and other factors may affect different target organs as well. The pictogram on the label is determined by the chemical hazard classification. Target organs lungs ghs classification acute toxicity, inhalation category 4 skin irritation category 3 specific target organ toxicity single exposure category 3 ghs label elements, including precautionary statements pictogram signal word warning hazard statements. Primary target organs for tnt include the nervous system primarily from acute effects, testicular toxicity and the peripheral blood table 3. The following is a target organ categorization of effects, which may occur from exposure to hazardous chemicals, including examples of signs and symptoms, and. Classification identifies the chemical substance as being a specific target organsystemic toxicant and, as such, it may present a potential for adverse health impact to people who are exposed to it.
Pce are halogenated olefin solvents that are highvolume production chemicals with a broad range of industrial uses. The function of the nervous system is to communicate with different parts of the body and. Toxicokinetic processes determine concentrations in target organs. Band a band b band c band d band e if data available, put data, notes, etc. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 170k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 180k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page.
Liver and kidney accidental or deliberate overdose with the analgesic paracetamol can cause lifethreatening liver. Pharmacokinetics, metabolic activation and key defense mechanisms, excretion, species variation, and tissuespecific biochemistry are explored comprehensively. The target organ toxicity of i norganic mercury is kidney. Full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. In a survey of the toxicological profiles of 50 compounds in rodent and non rodent species, sensitive criteria of toxicity were found to be the simple characteristics. Safety data sheet northwest missouri state university. This chapter explores the factors that render the liver and kidney susceptible to toxicity, while also surveying typical toxic responses in these organs e. An in vitro approach to the study of target organ toxicity. Explain how organ systems may be affected by toxic exposures. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. The classified substance may be named for the specific target organ system that has been primarily affected, or generally as a general systemic toxicant. Specifically, we have developed cellular models of primary cultures of rat. It is generally argued that there are membrane receptors for prl, but as yet it has not been possible to demonstrate.
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